How LF RFID Works

LF RFID systems operate within the 125 kHz to 134.2 kHz frequency band, with 125 kHz being the most widely adopted standard. At this frequency, electromagnetic waves have a relatively long wavelength, which gives LF RFID some distinctive physical characteristics.

The read range of LF RFID is typically limited to less than 10 centimetres. While this may seem like a limitation compared to HF or UHF alternatives, it is actually a deliberate advantage in many scenarios. A short, predictable read range means that tags are only detected when brought into close proximity with a reader, reducing the risk of unintended or accidental reads.

LF tags are predominantly passive, meaning they draw their operating power from the electromagnetic field generated by the reader. This eliminates the need for an on-board battery, keeping tags small, inexpensive, and virtually maintenance-free.

Why LF RFID Excels Near Metal and Water

One of the standout qualities of LF RFID is its resilience in challenging environments. Unlike higher-frequency RFID systems, which can suffer from signal reflection, absorption, or detuning when used near metal surfaces or in the presence of water, LF RFID performs reliably in both conditions.

The longer wavelength at 125 kHz is far less susceptible to interference from metals and liquids. This makes LF the preferred frequency for industrial settings, outdoor environments, and any application where tags may be exposed to moisture, mud, or metallic housings.

Key Applications of LF RFID

LF RFID technology is deeply embedded in several major sectors, each taking advantage of its ruggedness and dependable short-range performance.

Animal Tagging and Identification

LF RFID is the global standard for livestock and companion animal identification. Microchips implanted under the skin of pets, cattle, sheep, and horses operate at either 125 kHz or 134.2 kHz (the ISO 11784/11785 standard). These tiny glass transponders can last the lifetime of the animal, providing a permanent and tamper-proof form of identification. Farmers and veterinarians use handheld LF readers to scan animals quickly, supporting traceability, health records, and regulatory compliance.

Access Control

Proximity cards and key fobs used in building access systems are among the most familiar LF RFID applications. Technologies such as HID Prox and EM4100 operate at 125 kHz, enabling employees and residents to unlock doors by holding a card near a wall-mounted reader. The short read range is ideal here, as it ensures that only the card presented at the reader is authenticated, preventing cross-reads from nearby cardholders.

Automotive Immobilisers

Nearly every modern vehicle uses an LF RFID transponder embedded in the ignition key or key fob as part of its immobiliser system. When the key is inserted or brought close to the steering column, the vehicle’s reader energises the transponder and verifies its unique code. If the code does not match, the engine will not start. This passive, battery-free approach to vehicle security has dramatically reduced car theft rates worldwide since its widespread adoption in the late 1990s.

LF RFID: Still Relevant in a High-Frequency World

Despite the growth of NFC, UHF, and other wireless technologies, LF RFID continues to thrive in niches where its core strengths matter most. Its tolerance of metal and water, combined with a reliable and secure short-range read, makes it difficult to replace in animal identification, physical access control, and automotive security.

For organisations evaluating RFID solutions, understanding where LF fits into the broader frequency landscape is essential. It may not offer the speed or range of its higher-frequency counterparts, but when the application demands ruggedness, simplicity, and close-range precision, 125 kHz technology delivers.

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CEO Chris Diorio described the results as “solid,” noting that the record bookings are driving a robust outlook for Q2 2026. The company is guiding for second quarter revenue between $103.0 million and $106.0 million, representing substantial sequential growth of roughly 39% to 43% from Q1 levels.

On the profitability front, Impinj reported a GAAP net loss of $25.3 million, or $0.83 per diluted share, for the first quarter. However, the headline loss figure was heavily influenced by an $11.9 million induced conversion expense tied to the company’s convertible notes. Stripping out that one-off charge, the underlying operating performance was considerably stronger. Non-GAAP net income came in at $4.4 million, or $0.14 per diluted share, while adjusted EBITDA reached $3.4 million.

Cash flow generation also showed marked improvement. Impinj delivered positive free cash flow of $2.2 million during Q1, a sharp turnaround from the negative $13.0 million recorded in the same period last year. That swing reflects both operational discipline and growing demand for the company’s RAIN RFID solutions.

GAAP gross margin stood at 49.1% for the quarter, with non-GAAP gross margin reaching 52.4%. Both figures demonstrate the healthy margins that Impinj’s endpoint IC and reader portfolio continues to command in the UHF RFID market.

The second quarter outlook is particularly striking. Beyond the revenue jump, Impinj expects GAAP net income of $7.6 million to $9.1 million, a return to profitability after the Q1 loss. Adjusted EBITDA is projected to land between $27.8 million and $29.3 million, while non-GAAP net income per diluted share is forecast at $0.77 to $0.82.

Impinj sits at the heart of the RAIN RFID ecosystem, supplying the endpoint ICs (tag chips), readers, gateways, and software that enable item-level visibility across retail, logistics, and supply chain applications. The company’s record bookings suggest that enterprise adoption of RAIN RFID technology continues to accelerate, with more organizations deploying UHF-based solutions for inventory management, asset tracking, and loss prevention.

With Q2 shaping up to deliver both strong revenue growth and a return to GAAP profitability, Impinj appears well positioned to capitalize on broadening demand for RAIN RFID infrastructure throughout the remainder of 2026.

Read more at https://www.impinj.com/about-us/news-room/2026/impinj-reports-first-quarter-2026-financial-results

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The new rules establish a binding obligation for all dogs and cats kept within the EU, including privately owned pets, to be identified using implanted RFID transponders compliant with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 standards. These passive LF (Low Frequency) transponders operate at 134.2 kHz and use FDX-B (Full Duplex B) encoding to transmit a unique 15-digit identification code when scanned. The microchips, roughly the size of a grain of rice, are injected subcutaneously by a veterinarian and require no battery, drawing their power from the electromagnetic field generated by the RFID reader during scanning.

Once microchipped, each animal must be registered in interoperable national databases. Microchip identification numbers and associated database information will be stored in a single index database managed by the European Commission, creating an EU-wide traceability infrastructure for companion animals. This centralised approach replaces the previously fragmented patchwork of national systems that varied widely in scope and enforcement.

The regulation introduces a phased implementation timeline. Sellers, breeders and shelters will have four years from the date the legislation enters into force to comply with the microchipping and registration requirements. For private pet owners who do not intend to sell their animals, the deadline extends to 10 years for dog owners and 15 years for cat owners, acknowledging the practical challenges of retroactively chipping millions of existing household pets.

Animals imported from non-EU countries for commercial sale must be microchipped before entering the EU and subsequently registered in a national database. Pet owners travelling into the EU with their animals will be required to pre-register their microchipped pet in a recognised database at least five working days before arrival, unless the animal is already registered in an EU member state.

Beyond microchipping, the regulation addresses broader animal welfare concerns. It bans the breeding of dogs and cats with exaggerated physical characteristics that pose significant health risks, such as overly short legs or flat faces. Practices including ear-cropping and tail-docking are also prohibited under the new framework. The rules set minimum welfare standards for kennels and shelters, and aim to tackle the illegal pet trade, which is estimated to be worth 1.3 billion euros annually across the EU.

The legislation now requires formal approval from EU Member States before entering into force, which is widely expected to be a formality given the broad political consensus behind the measures. Public support for the rules has been substantial, with surveys indicating strong citizen backing for harmonised EU-level animal welfare standards.

For the RFID industry, the regulation represents a significant expansion of the LF animal identification market across Europe, driving demand for ISO-compliant transponders, readers and the backend database infrastructure needed to support interoperable registration systems at a continental scale.

Read more at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/2026/4/press_release/20260423IPR41833/20260423IPR41833_en.pdf

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The Communications Infrastructure and Other segment, which houses NXP’s UCODE UHF RFID chip portfolio, delivered $380 million in revenue for the quarter. That marks a 21% jump compared to the same period last year and a 14% sequential increase, making it the strongest performing segment on a quarter-over-quarter basis. NXP confirmed that UCODE RFID product ramps were a primary driver behind that growth.

NXP’s UCODE chips are among the most widely deployed UHF RFID ICs in the world. They power billions of RAIN RFID tags used across retail inventory management, logistics tracking, supply chain visibility, and anti-counterfeiting applications. The UCODE product family has become an industry standard for passive UHF inlays, and NXP’s continued investment in the line reflects growing global demand for item-level tagging.

The company noted that secure tagging now accounts for roughly 50% of its communications infrastructure business, underscoring how central RFID and authentication technologies have become to NXP’s revenue mix. As retailers, pharmaceutical companies, and logistics providers push deeper into RFID-enabled operations, demand for high-performance UHF chips like the UCODE series continues to accelerate.

Beyond RFID, NXP’s other segments showed a mixed but broadly positive picture. Automotive revenue came in at $1.78 billion with 6% year-over-year growth, while Industrial and IoT posted $628 million, up 24% from a year earlier. The mobile segment saw a seasonal dip but still grew 16% annually.

On the profitability front, NXP reported GAAP operating margin of 47.3% and non-GAAP free cash flow of $714 million, representing 22.4% of revenue. The company returned $358 million to shareholders through buybacks and dividends during the quarter.

CEO Rafael Sotomayor pointed to disciplined execution and growing customer adoption of NXP’s differentiated technology portfolios as key factors behind the results. Strategic moves during the quarter included the unveiling of the S32N7 processor for vehicle digitalization and the introduction of the eIQ Agentic AI Framework.

Looking ahead, NXP guided for Q2 2026 revenue between $3.35 billion and $3.55 billion, implying 14% to 21% year-over-year growth. If UCODE RFID product ramps continue at their current pace, the communications infrastructure segment could see further upside as the global RAIN RFID market expands.

For the broader RFID industry, NXP’s results are a clear signal that chip-level demand remains robust and that UHF RFID adoption is still on an upward trajectory heading into the second half of 2026.

Read more at https://investors.nxp.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nxp-semiconductors-reports-first-quarter-2026-results

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The results come at a pivotal time for Avery Dennison’s RFID and digital identification business, which sits within the company’s Solutions Group. While the broader company delivered solid top-line growth, the Solutions Group saw sales decline 2.8% to $649 million during the quarter, with adjusted operating margin falling 120 basis points to 9.0%.

Within the Solutions Group, performance was mixed. High-value categories including Embelex and Vestcom grew at mid-single digit rates, but the Intelligent Labels division, which encompasses Avery Dennison’s UHF RFID inlay and tag business, declined modestly. The Intelligent Labels unit is one of the world’s largest producers of UHF RFID tags and inlays, supplying major retailers and brands across the fashion, retail and logistics sectors.

CEO Deon Stander pointed to the resilience of the company’s overall portfolio, noting that results reflected its ability to deliver growth in what he described as a dynamic environment. The modest decline in Intelligent Labels comes after a period of rapid expansion in prior years, driven by large-scale RFID rollouts across global retail.

The company’s Materials Group performed more strongly, with sales increasing 11.4% to $1.6 billion. On a constant currency basis, growth was 3.6%. Adjusted operating margin for the segment was 15.4%, down 20 basis points from the prior year. Base categories in the Materials Group grew at mid-single digit rates, while high-value categories saw a slight decline.

Avery Dennison continued to return capital to shareholders during the quarter, distributing $133 million through dividends and repurchasing $61 million in shares. The company’s net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio stood at 2.4 times at the end of the period. Reported earnings per share for the quarter were $2.18.

Looking ahead, Avery Dennison provided guidance for the second quarter of 2026, forecasting adjusted EPS in the range of $2.43 to $2.53. Industry analysts will be watching the Intelligent Labels business closely in coming quarters, as adoption of UHF RFID technology continues to expand beyond fashion retail into food, logistics and healthcare applications.

The slight pullback in Intelligent Labels growth is not uncommon in quarters where large deployment programmes reach completion milestones before new rollouts begin. Avery Dennison remains a dominant force in the UHF RFID market and continues to invest in next-generation digital identification solutions.

Read more at https://www.averydennison.com/content/corp/na/en/home/news/press-releases/avery-dennison-announces-q1-2026-results.html

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For organisations operating in the UK and EU, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) sets the rules. Any RFID system that collects, stores or processes personal data falls within its scope. That includes scenarios where a tagged item can be linked back to an individual, such as loyalty programme integrations, personalised fitting room experiences or post-sale product tracking. Under GDPR, organisations must identify a lawful basis for processing, whether that is consent, legitimate interest or contractual necessity. They must also conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) where the processing is likely to result in high risk to individuals.

Consumer concern tends to centre on one question: can I be tracked without my knowledge? The short answer is that passive RFID tags, which make up the vast majority of deployments in retail and logistics, have limited read ranges and do not transmit data autonomously. A UHF RAIN RFID tag on a garment, for example, typically has a read range of up to 10 metres and only responds when energised by a compatible reader. It does not broadcast a signal on its own. Despite this, perception matters as much as technical reality. If customers believe they are being surveilled, trust erodes quickly.

One technical safeguard that often comes up in privacy discussions is the RFID kill command. Defined in the EPC Gen2 protocol, the kill command permanently disables a UHF RFID tag by sending a 32-bit password via the air interface. Once killed, the tag’s chip is rendered non-functional and can never be reactivated. This gives retailers a straightforward mechanism to eliminate any post-sale tracking concern at the point of purchase. Some organisations also use the lock command to restrict write access to certain memory banks, preserving functionality while limiting what data can be read or altered after the item leaves the store.

Data minimisation is a core GDPR principle, and it aligns well with good RFID practice. Tags should store only the minimum data required for their intended function. In most retail deployments, the EPC (Electronic Product Code) stored on the tag is simply a unique identifier that references a database record. No personal information needs to reside on the tag itself. Keeping sensitive data off the tag and within secured backend systems reduces risk considerably. It also simplifies compliance, because the tag alone cannot expose personal information if it is lost, stolen or read by an unauthorised party.

Transparent communication is where many organisations fall short. Customers should know when RFID is in use, what data is being collected, why it is being collected and how long it will be retained. Clear signage in-store, straightforward privacy notices and easily accessible opt-out mechanisms all contribute to building confidence. Some forward-thinking brands now include RFID explanations on product care labels or packaging inserts, turning a potential concern into a demonstration of openness.

Building trust with RFID ultimately comes down to doing the basics well. Be honest about what the technology does. Collect only what you need. Give customers control over their data and, where appropriate, offer to disable tags at the point of sale. Invest in proper data governance and ensure your teams understand their obligations under GDPR. The organisations that get privacy right will not just avoid regulatory penalties. They will earn the kind of customer loyalty that no technology can manufacture on its own.

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Announced from Mentor, Ohio on 27 April 2026, the strategic investment deepens a relationship that has been quietly maturing since 2022. It also formalises Avery Dennison’s role as Wiliot’s preferred inlay design, manufacturing, and commercial partner, and gives the global labelling giant a full board seat alongside the observer position it already held.

The headline number is the easy bit. The strategic logic underneath it tells a more interesting story for anyone watching how the identification and sensing market is shifting.

Wiliot’s IoT Pixels are stamp-sized, battery-free compute devices that harvest energy from ambient radio waves and report data over Bluetooth Low Energy. Pair them with cloud-based AI and machine learning, and you get continuous visibility of inventory, location, and condition across retail backrooms, distribution centres, and food cold chains. The pitch is supply chain intelligence at the item level, with infrastructure costs much closer to passive RFID than to traditional active sensor networks.

Francisco Melo, president of intelligent labels technologies and digital solutions at Avery Dennison, framed the move in plain terms. “We believe in passive Bluetooth Low-Energy and the opportunity to expand our portfolio with Wiliot’s solutions,” he said, adding that BLE is complementary to RFID and opens up new addressable markets the company could not previously serve with UHF RAIN tags alone.

For Wiliot, having an inlay manufacturer of Avery Dennison’s scale on board removes one of the biggest blockers to mass adoption of ambient IoT: industrial-grade tag production. Co-founder and CEO Tal Tamir was direct about the significance. “Avery Dennison is a global leader in digital identification solutions and the premier partner required to realize accelerating demand,” he said.

The two companies say they will now expand their joint go-to-market efforts across retail, logistics, and food, the same verticals where item-level RFID has driven much of Avery Dennison’s recent growth in intelligent labels.

For the wider RFID and auto-ID industry, the message is clear. Passive UHF RFID and ambient BLE are not in competition. They are stacking. UHF still wins for fast bulk reads at portals and dock doors. Battery-free BLE adds richer sensor data and direct readability from any modern smartphone or tablet. Brands that want to know where every unit is, what condition it is in, and how shoppers interact with it will increasingly want both technologies on the same item, often in the same inlay.

With $75 million of Avery Dennison capital now on the table, that vision just got a significant push toward scale.

Read more at https://averydennison.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/avery-dennison-announces-strategic-75-million-investment-wiliot

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The deployment integrates Sharry’s smart access and workplace experience platform with HID’s trusted identity solutions. At the credential layer, HID provides secure digital ID issuance and management, while Sharry serves as middleware connecting H-FARM’s identity management system with HID’s infrastructure and the campus Genetec access control system.

Students and staff can add their credentials to Apple Wallet or Google Wallet with a single tap inside the H-FARM app. From there, NFC-enabled access works across the entire campus, from student rooms to common areas and printer stations, with no need to open additional apps.

The uptake at H-FARM was immediate. Alberto Aldrigo, CTO at H-FARM, said that within just three minutes of receiving the activation notification, 70% of users had already enabled their virtual badge. “From the very beginning, we envisioned a campus where credentials would always be within reach, directly on a smartphone. With HID and Sharry, this vision has become a reality through a solution that is simple, secure and reliable,” Aldrigo said.

H-FARM College sits on the edge of the Venice lagoon and operates as an innovation ecosystem where education, startups and technology coexist on a single integrated campus. The institution already offered a campus app for maps, food ordering, payments and event updates. Adding wallet-based student IDs was a natural extension of that digital-first approach.

Matej Pokorn, Head of Customer Success at Sharry, highlighted the speed of the rollout. “What might have taken months was accomplished in just a few weeks, a testament to the shared vision and agility of everyone involved,” he said. “H-FARM sets a new benchmark for how campuses can modernize access and identity without compromising security.”

Dominic Bruning, Director of Strategic Alliances for Mobile, EMEA, at HID, described the deployment as “a strong example of what a truly digital campus can be: secure, mobile and frictionless by design.”

The project builds on an existing partnership between HID and Sharry, which has previously delivered wallet-based office access projects in the United States, the European Union and Latin America. The H-FARM deployment represents a significant step toward fully digital campuses in Europe, where identity, access and services converge in a single mobile-first experience.

For European universities exploring contactless campus access, the H-FARM implementation offers a practical reference point, demonstrating that NFC wallet-based credentials can be deployed quickly and at scale within a higher education environment.

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What Is a Digital Product Passport?

A Digital Product Passport is a structured digital record that travels with a product throughout its lifecycle. It contains information about a product’s origin, materials, manufacturing processes, repairability, and end-of-life recycling instructions. The EU introduced the DPP framework under the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), adopted in 2024, with the goal of driving circular economy practices and giving consumers transparent access to sustainability data.

The regulation targets specific product categories in phases. Batteries were first, with requirements already taking shape. Textiles and electronics follow closely, with broader rollouts expected through 2027 and beyond. By the end of the decade, most products sold within the EU market will need a DPP.

Why RFID Is the Natural Fit

While QR codes and other optical identifiers have their place, RFID offers distinct advantages that make it the preferred carrier technology for DPP data links.

UHF RFID, particularly RAIN RFID based on the ISO 18000-63 standard, enables bulk reading of tagged items without line-of-sight. A warehouse receiving hundreds of palletised goods can verify DPP compliance in seconds rather than scanning individual codes one at a time. For manufacturers dealing with high-volume production lines, this speed is not optional. It is essential.

NFC, operating at 13.56 MHz under ISO 14443 and ISO 15693, adds a consumer-facing layer. Shoppers can tap an NFC-enabled product with their smartphone to instantly access the DPP record, viewing details about where a garment was made, what chemicals were used, or how to recycle the packaging. This tap-to-read simplicity closes the gap between regulation and real-world usability.

Dual-frequency inlays combining UHF and NFC on a single tag are gaining traction for exactly this reason. They serve the supply chain’s need for speed and the consumer’s need for convenience in one integrated solution.

What Manufacturers Need to Prepare

Compliance with the DPP regulation is not a switch that flips overnight. Manufacturers should begin preparing now across several fronts.

First, data infrastructure needs attention. A DPP requires accurate, structured data about every product. Companies that lack robust product lifecycle management (PLM) systems will need to invest in capturing and organising this information.

Second, tagging strategy matters. Selecting the right RFID inlay, whether UHF, NFC, or dual-frequency, depends on the product type, packaging constraints, and where in the supply chain the tag will be read. Embedding RFID into garment labels differs significantly from tagging battery modules or electronic components.

Third, serialisation is critical. Each product needs a unique identifier linked to its DPP record. GS1 standards, including the SGTIN and GIAI schemes, provide the framework for this, and many RAIN RFID deployments already support GS1 EPC encoding natively.

A Practical Compliance Roadmap

For companies looking to get ahead of the curve, a phased approach makes sense.

In 2025 and 2026, focus on auditing existing product data and identifying gaps. Engage with your RFID tag suppliers and solution providers to evaluate tagging options. Run pilot programmes on a single product line to test data capture, tag performance, and system integration.

Through 2027, scale tagging across priority product categories. Integrate DPP data flows with existing ERP and supply chain management platforms. Ensure your serialisation processes align with GS1 standards.

From 2028 onward, expand to full product coverage as regulatory deadlines arrive for additional categories. Monitor evolving EU guidance and adjust your approach as standards mature.

The DPP regulation is not just a compliance burden. It is an opportunity to build trust with consumers, improve supply chain visibility, and future-proof operations. RFID technology, proven across billions of tagged items worldwide, provides the foundation to make it work at scale.

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The province indicator on Sri Lankan number plates was originally introduced during the country’s civil war as a tool for law enforcement to trace the origin of vehicles. The system was designed to work in conjunction with RFID technology, allowing police to scan plates and quickly verify vehicle data. On paper, it was a sensible approach to improving road safety and security during a turbulent period.

However, the reality told a very different story. During a session of the Parliamentary Committee on Public Finance, DMT officials admitted that the Police Department never possessed the necessary hardware to read the RFID chips embedded in the plates. Without functioning readers at checkpoints or in patrol vehicles, the entire system was rendered useless from the outset. It was a technology rollout with no practical implementation on the ground.

The failure highlights a recurring problem with government RFID deployments worldwide: investing in one half of the equation while neglecting the other. Embedding RFID tags into millions of number plates is pointless if the agencies expected to use the data lack the scanners, training, and infrastructure to do so. The Sri Lankan case is a textbook example of poor coordination between departments and a lack of end-to-end project planning.

DMT officials pointed to a secondary reason for discontinuing the system, noting that the public had been paying inflated sums for specified number plates. But the core issue remains the gap between the technology deployed and the resources allocated to make it functional.

When pressed on how vehicles are currently identified without the province indicator or RFID capability, DMT officials conceded that “vehicles cannot be identified in such a manner” any longer. The Police Department, for its part, argued the system is no longer necessary given the absence of armed conflict in the country. That justification does little to address the wasted expenditure.

Harsha de Silva, who chairs the Parliamentary Committee on Public Finance, did not mince words, calling the initiative “a total waste of public finance.” His criticism centred on the fact that the DMT had rolled out technology that the Police Department could never operationalize, a failure of inter-agency coordination that left taxpayers footing the bill for a system that never worked.

For the broader RFID industry, Sri Lanka’s experience serves as a cautionary tale. Successful vehicle tracking and identification projects require not just the tags and the plates, but a complete ecosystem of readers, software, trained personnel, and ongoing maintenance. Without that full commitment, even well-intentioned deployments are destined to fail.

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